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# International Journal of Inventive Engineering and Sciences (IJIES): The Journal aims to publish scientific articles in Engineering and Technology.

## Sitemaps
[XML Sitemap](https://www.ijies.org/sitemap_index.xml): Includes all crawlable and indexable pages.

## Pages
- [Published in Year 2026](https://www.ijies.org/published-in-year-2026/): VOLUME-13 ISSUE-9, SEPTEMBER 2026: Last Date of Article Submission - 30 August 2026 (Open) | Date of Publication - 30 September 2026
VOLUME-13 ISSUE-8, AUGUST 2026: Last date of Article Submission has been closed - The articles are under process and can be viewed and downloaded after 30 August 2026.
VOLUME-13 ISSUE-7, JULY 2026
VOLUME-13 ISSUE-6, JUNE 2026
VOLUME-13 ISSUE-5, MAY 2026
VOLUME-13 ISSUE-4, APRIL 2026
VOLUME-13 ISSUE-3, MARCH 2026
VOLUME-13 ISSUE-2, FEBRUARY 2026
VOLUME-13 ISSUE-1, JANUARY 2026
- [Generative AI Tools or Chatbots](https://www.ijies.org/generative-ai-tools/): Generative AI Tools or Chatbots:
- [Diversity, Equity, Inclusivity, and Accessibility (DEIA)](https://www.ijies.org/diversity-equity-inclusivity-and-accessibility-deia/): Diversity, Equity, Inclusivity, and Accessibility (DEIA):
- [Complaints and Appeals](https://www.ijies.org/complaints-and-appeals/): Complaints and Appeals:
- [Published in Year 2025](https://www.ijies.org/published-in-year-2025/): VOLUME-12 ISSUE-12, DECEMBER 2025
VOLUME-12 ISSUE-11, NOVEMBER 2025
VOLUME-12 ISSUE-10, OCTOBER 2025
VOLUME-12 ISSUE-9, SEPTEMBER 2025
VOLUME-12 ISSUE-8, AUGUST 2025
VOLUME-12 ISSUE-7, JULY 2025
VOLUME-12 ISSUE-6, JUNE 2025
VOLUME-12 ISSUE-5, MAY 2025
VOLUME-12 ISSUE-4, APRIL 2025
VOLUME-12 ISSUE-3, MARCH 2025
VOLUME-12 ISSUE-2, FEBRUARY 2025
VOLUME-12 ISSUE-1, JANUARY 2025
- [Published in Year 2024](https://www.ijies.org/published-in-year-2024/): VOLUME-11 ISSUE-12, DECEMBER 2024
VOLUME-11 ISSUE-11, NOVEMBER 2024
VOLUME-11 ISSUE-9, SEPTEMBER 2024
VOLUME-11 ISSUE-6, JUNE 2024
VOLUME-11 ISSUE-5, MAY 2024
VOLUME-11 ISSUE-4, APRIL 2024
VOLUME-11 ISSUE-3, MARCH 2024
VOLUME-11 ISSUE-2, FEBRUARY 2024
VOLUME-11 ISSUE-1, JANUARY 2024
- [Advertising](https://www.ijies.org/advertising/): Advertising:
- [Responsibilities and Selection Process of the Editorial Board](https://www.ijies.org/responsibilities-and-selection-process-of-the-editorial-board/): The Editorial Board comprises various distinguished positions, including Associate Editor, General Editor, and Editor-in-Chief. These positions are responsible for ensuring the publication's quality and integrity.
- [Journal Metrics](https://www.ijies.org/journal-metrics/): Journal Metrics:
- [Archiving Policy](https://www.ijies.org/archiving-policy/): Archiving:
- [Imprint](https://www.ijies.org/imprint/): Full Journal Title: International Journal of Inventive Engineering and Sciences (IJIES) ISSN: 2319-9598 (Online) Publisher: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP) Publisher Location: India. Postal Address: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP), # G: 18, Block-A, Tirupati Abhinav Commercial Campus, Tirupati Abhinav Homes, Ayodhya Bypass Road, Damkheda, Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh)-462037, India. Editors: Editorial Board Publication Frequency: Monthly Publication Medium: Online (Electronic Only) Publication Website: www.ijies.org First Year Published: 2012 Indexing Databases: Indexing & Abstracting
Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.35940/ijies
Publication Language: English
Primary Field: Science, Engineering and Technology
Archive: https://www.ijies.org/archive/
CrossRef: Yes
Guidelines for Authors: https://www.ijies.org/instructions-for-authors/
Editorial and Publishing Policies: https://www.ijies.org/ethics-policies/
Publisher License under: CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0
- [Citations](https://www.ijies.org/citation/): Citations:
- [Declaration Statement](https://www.ijies.org/declaration-statement/): Declaration Statement:
- [Acknowledgements](https://www.ijies.org/acknowledgements/): Acknowledgements:
- [Correction, Retraction, and Post Publication](https://www.ijies.org/corrections-retractions-removal-and-republications/): Correction, Retraction, and Post Publication:
- [Authorship](https://www.ijies.org/authorship/): Authorship:
- [Competing Interests/ Conflicts of Interest](https://www.ijies.org/competing-interests/): Competing Interests/ Conflicts of Interest: 
- [Animal and Human Research Participants: Clinical Trials, Nomenclatures, and Abbreviations](https://www.ijies.org/code-of-conduct-for-medical-ethics/): Animal and Human Research Participants: Clinical Trials, Nomenclatures, and Abbreviations:
- [Data Access Statement and Material Availability](https://www.ijies.org/availability-of-data-and-material/): Data Access Statement and Material Availability:
- [Repositories](https://www.ijies.org/repositories/): Repository:
- [Image Integrity and Processing](https://www.ijies.org/image-integrity-and-standards/): Image Integrity and Processing:
- [Published in Year 2023](https://www.ijies.org/published-in-year-2023/): VOLUME-10 ISSUE-12, DECEMBER 2023
VOLUME-10 ISSUE-11, NOVEMBER 2023
VOLUME-10 ISSUE-9, SEPTEMBER 2023
VOLUME-10 ISSUE-8, AUGUST 2023
VOLUME-10 ISSUE-7, JULY 2023
VOLUME-10 ISSUE-4, APRIL 2023
VOLUME-10 ISSUE-3, MARCH 2023
VOLUME-10 ISSUE-2, FEBRUARY 2023
VOLUME-10 ISSUE-1, JANUARY 2023
- [Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)](https://www.ijies.org/faq/): Authors should first read the FAQ, then submit a query if necessary.
- [Important Dates](https://www.ijies.org/dates/):  Important Dates-
- [Published in Year 2022](https://www.ijies.org/published-in-year-2022/): VOLUME-9 ISSUE-6, JUNE 2022
VOLUME-9 ISSUE-3, MARCH 2022
- [Confidentiality and Privacy](https://www.ijies.org/confidentiality-policy/): Confidentiality and Privacy:
- [Conflict of Interest, Human and Animal rights, and Informed Consent](https://www.ijies.org/conflict-of-interest-human-and-animal-rights-and-informed-consent/): The chief editor, members of the editorial board and scientific committee, and reviewers shall withdraw in any case of conflict of interest concerning an author or authors, or the content of a manuscript to be evaluated. The Journal will avoid all conflict of interest between authors, reviewers, and members of the editorial board and international scientific committee.
- [Editorial Board](https://www.ijies.org/editorial-board/): The Journal invites individuals to join the editorial board by submitting a membership form to express their interest and qualifications.
- [Article Submission System](https://www.ijies.org/article-submission-system/): If there is any problem in uploading the article through the form given below, the author can also email the article to submit@ijies.org with the following details: Your name, Mobile No, WhatsApp No, Country Name, Email, Other email (optional), Scope of the article, Author(s) Name (Min-01, Max 05), Title of the Article, Name of the journal.
- [Published in Year 2021](https://www.ijies.org/published-in-year-2021/): VOLUME-9 ISSUE-1, DECEMBER 2021
VOLUME-6 ISSUE-2, JULY 2021
- [Article Processing Charge (APC)](https://www.ijies.org/article-processing-charge-policy/): Authors must pay a fixed APC to publish their articles in the journal to retain copyright. The APC is payable only upon acceptance, not before or upon rejection.
- [Published in Year 2012](https://www.ijies.org/published-in-year-2012/): VOLUME-1, ISSUE-1, DECEMBER 2012
- [Published in Year 2013](https://www.ijies.org/published-in-year-2013/): VOLUME-2, ISSUE-1, DECEMBER 2013
VOLUME-1, ISSUE-12, NOVEMBER 2013
VOLUME-1, ISSUE-11, OCTOBER 2013
VOLUME-1, ISSUE-10, SEPTEMBER 2013
VOLUME-1, ISSUE-9, AUGUST 2013
VOLUME-1, ISSUE-8, JULY 2013
VOLUME-1, ISSUE-7, JUNE 2013
VOLUME-1, ISSUE-6, MAY 2013
VOLUME-1, ISSUE-5, APRIL 2013
VOLUME-1, ISSUE-4, MARCH 2013
VOLUME-1, ISSUE-3, FEBRUARY 2013
VOLUME-1, ISSUE-2, JANUARY 2013
- [Published in Year 2014](https://www.ijies.org/published-in-year-2014/): VOLUME-3, ISSUE-1, DECEMBER 2014
VOLUME-2, ISSUE-12, NOVEMBER 2014
VOLUME-2, ISSUE-11, OCTOBER 2014
VOLUME-2, ISSUE-10, SEPTEMBER 2014
VOLUME-2, ISSUE-9, AUGUST 2014
VOLUME-2, ISSUE-8, JULY 2014
VOLUME-2, ISSUE-7, JUNE 2014
VOLUME-2, ISSUE-6, MAY 2014
VOLUME-2, ISSUE-5, APRIL 2014
VOLUME-2, ISSUE-4, MARCH 2014
VOLUME-2, ISSUE-3, FEBRUARY 2014
VOLUME-2, ISSUE-2, JANUARY 2014
- [Published in Year 2015](https://www.ijies.org/published-in-year-2015/): Note:
- [Published in Year 2016](https://www.ijies.org/published-in-year-2016/): Note:
- [Published in Year 2017](https://www.ijies.org/published-in-year-2017/): Note:
- [Published in Year 2018](https://www.ijies.org/published-in-year-2018/): Note:
- [Published in Year 2019](https://www.ijies.org/published-in-year-2019/): VOLUME-5 ISSUE-7, NOVEMBER 2019
VOLUME-5 ISSUE-6, SEPTEMBER 2019
VOLUME-5 ISSUE-5, AUGUST 2019
VOLUME-5 ISSUE-4, JULY 2019
VOLUME-5 ISSUE-3, MARCH 2019
- [Published in Year 2020](https://www.ijies.org/published-in-year-2020/): VOLUME-6 ISSUE-1, DECEMBER 2020
VOLUME-5 ISSUE-12, OCTOBER 2020
VOLUME-5 ISSUE-11, SEPTEMBER 2020
VOLUME-5 ISSUE-10, JUNE 2020
VOLUME-5 ISSUE-9, MAY 2020
VOLUME-5 ISSUE-8, FEBRUARY 2020
- [Misconduct/ Plagiarism](https://www.ijies.org/plagiarism-policy/): Misconduct/ Plagiarism:
- [Intellectual Property](https://www.ijies.org/copyright-grants-and-ownership-declaration/): These permissions are granted under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License. The International Journal of Inventive Engineering and Sciences (IJIES) encourage users to share and disseminate the work, providing appropriate credit to the original authors and refraining from altering or using the content commercially. This inclusive approach allows a broader audience to benefit from shared knowledge.
- [Open Access Publishing](https://www.ijies.org/open-access-license/): Open Access Publishing:
- [Indexing and Abstracting](https://www.ijies.org/indexing/): It is crucial to comprehend that the decision to add an article to an indexing and abstracting database, such as Scopus, is solely made by the team and not the International Journal of Inventive Engineering and Sciences (IJIES). Therefore, the International Journal of Inventive Engineering and Sciences (IJIES) has no authority over whether an article is accepted or rejected for inclusion in the database. Furthermore, the International Journal of Inventive Engineering and Sciences (IJIES) does not affect the required processing time of an article for inclusion in the indexing and abstracting database. The indexing and abstracting details of the journal are given below:
- [Peer Review](https://www.ijies.org/peer-review-policy/): Peer Review:
- [Contact](https://www.ijies.org/contact/): The authors can submit the form below to address any technical query. Our experts will investigate and resolve each query within a maximum time frame of 72 hours.
- [Editorial and Publishing Policies](https://www.ijies.org/ethics-policies/): The Journal follow the principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing — English. https://doi.org/10.24318/cope.2019.1.12
- [Download](https://www.ijies.org/download/): Authors can download following items as per their requirements:
- [Archive](https://www.ijies.org/archive/): The International Journal of Inventive Engineering and Sciences (IJIES) publish two types of issues: (1) Regular Issues and (2) Theme-Based Special Issues (announced from time to time). The Authors may submit articles electronically throughout the year using the Article Submission System. After the final acceptance of the article, based upon the detailed review process, the article will immediately be published online. For Theme-Based Special Issues, time-bound special calls for articles will be announced. Authors are allowed to download published articles. The articles published in the International Journal of Inventive Engineering and Sciences (IJIES) are open-access and accessible online without subscription fees as soon as it is published.
- [Call for Papers (Regular Issue)](https://www.ijies.org/call-for-papers-regular-issue/): Dear Professor | Scientist | Scholar, You are invited to submit original research article (s) as per your research expertise. Article (s) can be submitted from the journal website by using ‘Article Submission System’ throughout the year if: Plagiarism of the article is less than 15%, including references.
The article is within scope of the journal.
The article is original and result-oriented.
For more detailed information, please visit ‘Guidelines for Authors’.  Important Dates-  Articles Submission Open for Volume-13 Issue-9, September 2026 
Last Date of Article Submission: 30 August 2026
Date of Notification: 15 September 2026
Date of Publication: 30 September 2026
Article Submission System

## Downloads
- [Volume-13 Issue-7, July 2026](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-13-issue-7/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-13 Issue-6, June 2026](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-13-issue-6/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-13 Issue-5, May 2026](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-13-issue-5/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-13 Issue-4, April 2026](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-13-issue-4/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-13 Issue-3, March 2026](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-13-issue-3/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-13 Issue-2, February 2026](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-13-issue-2/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-13 Issue-1, January 2026](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-13-issue-1/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-12 Issue-12, December 2025](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-12-issue-12/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-12 Issue-11, November 2025](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-12-issue-11/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-12 Issue-10, October 2025](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-12-issue-10/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-12 Issue-9, September 2025](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-12-issue-9/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-12 Issue-8, August 2025](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-12-issue-8/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-12 Issue-7, July 2025](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-12-issue-7/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-12 Issue-6, June 2025](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-12-issue-6/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-12 Issue-5, May 2025](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-12-issue-5/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-12 Issue-4, April 2025](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-12-issue-4/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-12 Issue-3, March 2025](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-12-issue-3/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-12 Issue-2, February 2025](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-12-issue-2/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-12 Issue-1, January 2025](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-12-issue-1/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-11 Issue-12, December 2024](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-11-issue-12/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-11 Issue-11, November 2024](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-11-issue-11/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-11 Issue-9, September 2024](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-11-issue-9/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-11 Issue-6, June 2024](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-11-issue-6/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-11 Issue-5, May 2024](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-11-issue-5/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-11 Issue-4, April 2024](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-11-issue-4/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-11 Issue-3, March 2024](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-11-issue-3/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-11 Issue-2, February 2024](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-11-issue-2/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-11 Issue-1, January 2024](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-11-issue-1/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-10 Issue-12, December 2023](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-10-issue-12/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-10 Issue-11, November 2023](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-10-issue-11/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-10 Issue-9, September 2023](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-10-issue-9/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-10 Issue-8, August 2023](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-10-issue-8/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-10 Issue-7, July 2023](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-10-issue-7/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-10 Issue-4, April 2023](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-10-issue-4/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-10 Issue-3, March 2023](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-10-issue-3/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-10 Issue-2, February 2023](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-10-issue-2/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-10 Issue-1, January 2023](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-10-issue-1/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-9 Issue-6, June 2022](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-9-issue-6/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-9 Issue-3, March 2022](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-9-issue-3/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-9 Issue-1, December 2021](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-9-issue-1/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-6 Issue-3](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-6-issue-3/)
- [Volume-6 Issue-2, July 2021](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-6-issue-2/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-6 Issue-1, December 2020](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-6-issue-1/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-5 Issue-12, October 2020](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-5-issue-12/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-5 Issue-11, September 2020](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-5-issue-11/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-5 Issue-10, June 2020](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-5-issue-10/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-5 Issue-9, May 2020](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-5-issue-9/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-5 Issue-8, February 2020](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-5-issue-8/): Editor-In-Chief
- [Volume-5 Issue-7, October 2019](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-5-issue-7/): Volume-5 Issue-7, October 2019, ISSN: 2319-9598 (Online) Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication Using 3Ds Max Application Create An Eyeball Jian Gao  
- [Volume-5 Issue-6, September 2019](https://www.ijies.org/download/volume-5-issue-6/): Volume-5 Issue-6, September 2019, ISSN: 2319-9598 (Online) Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication An Enhanced Technique for Analyzing Sentiments of Public Reviews - I Chintan Panjwani1, Rashmi Thakur2 An Enhanced Technique for Analyzing Sentiments of Public Reviews - II Chintan Panjwani1, Rashmi Thakur2  

## Portfolio Items
- [G115013070726](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/g115013070726/): The exponential growth of network traffic and user data has hindered the efficacy and responsiveness of network intrusion detection systems. Intrusion systems are essential in e healthcare since they ensure the security, confidentiality, and accuracy of patients’ medical information. Diagnosis and treatment mistakes may result from any alteration to the patient’s real data. Traditional intrusion detection methods often fail to fully exploit the heterogeneous nature of multimedia healthcare data, which may include medical images, patient records, and network traffic metadata. Hence, this work proposes ViTfuse_GNN, a novel hybrid framework that integrates Vision Transformer (ViT)-based multimodal feature fusion with Graph Neural Networks (GNN) for robust intrusion detection. The proposed model first employs a Vision Transformer to fuse high level semantic features from medical images, videos, and textual metadata. Experimental evaluation on benchmark multimedia healthcare intrusion datasets demonstrates that ViTfuse_GNN outperforms state-of-the-art intrusion detection models with 99% accuracy, 98% precision, 99% recall, and 97% F1-score.
- [H127815080726](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/h127815080726/): Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS) and Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) operations are increasing in number, complexity, and sophistication, offering significant benefits to the national economy, businesses, public safety agencies, and individuals. Realizing these benefits requires scalable, economically viable integration into the National Airspace System while addressing key regulatory and technical challenges to ensure safe, secure, and efficient operations.
- [E123915050426](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/e123915050426/): The IoT-based Rural Water Supply Management System in this paper aims to automate water monitoring, water quality assessment, and water distribution to ensure safe supplies and minimise wastage. The system that monitors water levels and purity uses an ESP32 microcontroller, an ultrasonic sensor, and a water-quality sensor. The Flow Sensors regulate distribution via relay-controlled valves, and the Blynk app provides real-time monitoring with SMS alerts and user notifications. The solution promotes water conservation, saves labour, and maintains water management in rural areas.
- [E477115050626](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/e477115050626/): Wearable devices such as smartwatches allow continuous monitoring of physiological signals, including heart rate and activity levels. Many current monitoring systems rely on fixed population-based thresholds that may not reflect individual physiological differences. This paper explores a personalised monitoring framework based on adaptive baseline modelling and anomaly detection. Physiological signals obtained from wearable sensors such as photoplethysmography (PPG), accelerometers, and gyroscopes are used to derive features including heart rate, heart rate variability, and motion activity. By learning an individual’s normal physiological patterns over time, the system can identify deviations that may indicate unusual cardiovascular behaviour. The goal of this work is to outline a monitoring approach to support personalised health monitoring using wearable devices.
- [I10870910923](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/i10870910923/): This paper compares and evaluates four existing educational game frameworks: Digital Game-Based Learning (DGBL) Framework, Educational Games (EG) Design Framework, Gamified Learning Framework, and Co.LAB Framework. The evaluation includes their strengths, limitations, and potential for improvement. Based on the analysis, an improved Educational Game (EG) framework featuring elements from the four frameworks is proposed. The proposed framework accounts for the unique requirements of educational games and aims to enhance players’ learning outcomes. The paper provides insights for game developers, educators, and researchers interested in designing and implementing effective educational games.
- [D114813040426](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/d114813040426/): India is prioritising the deployment of renewable energy as a central pillar of its sustainable development policy and climate action plan. This shift towards renewable energy systems presents complex operational constraints arising from the intermittency of renewable energy sources, information asymmetries in forecasting power requirements, and the need for smart and robust energy infrastructure. In this context, this review paper aims to explore the evolving role and potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in facilitating sustainable energy transitions. Drawing on interdisciplinary literature, this paper explores the application of AI to data-driven decision-making to enhance renewable energy forecasting and intelligent energy storage management, thereby improving grid stability. Further, by drawing on theoretical and empirical insights, the paper seeks to contribute to the identification of key pathways, limitations, and policy-oriented considerations for shaping the future deployment of AI in sustainable energy production and distribution. The paper finds that recent developments in AI models and machine learning-based technologies, and their deployment in the renewable energy ecosystem, hold great potential for advancing renewable energy generation and distribution.
- [E126115060526](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/e126115060526/): The paper presents a comprehensive experimental study that evaluates the Network Simulator 2 (NS-2.35) on both native Linux systems and VMware-based virtualised environments. Researchers use NS-2.35 as a standard tool for testing Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). The researchers face challenges because they must install their software to achieve functionality across multiple operating systems. The research study provides a complete installation guide and troubleshooting instructions, and tests whether different execution environments affect simulation results. The researchers create a MANET scenario using the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol to conduct identical tests in both environments. The assessment uses Throughput, End-to-End Delay, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and Packet Loss Ratio (PLR) as performance indicators to evaluate node densities of 20, 30, and 50. The researchers conduct multiple experiments and analyse them using the mean and standard deviation (Mean ± SD) to obtain statistically reliable results. The testing results show that all performance measurements remain the same across both native systems and virtualised environments, proving that NS-2.35 delivers platform-independent performance that remains constant under the same system conditions. The test runs produce stable simulation results because two tests show extremely low standard deviation values. The simulation results remain accurate because execution efficiency and system performance differences between the two systems result in only minor discrepancies in the test results. The study concludes that researchers can use both native Linux and virtualised environments for NS-2.35 simulations, as virtualisation preserves simulation fidelity. This work validates the cross-platform performance of NS-2.35, thereby building trust in simulation research findings.
- [B105505020226](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/b105505020226/): This paper presents the development of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled Internet of Things (IoT) framework for methane emission monitoring and prediction in sustainable ruminant farming. Methane emissions from ruminant livestock are a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and a major environmental concern in sustainable agriculture. Conventional methods for measuring and controlling these emissions are manual, time-consuming, and lack predictive intelligence, thereby limiting farmers’ ability to make timely, data-driven decisions. This paper addresses these challenges by integrating IoT-based sensing and AI-driven predictive analytics to enable real-time data acquisition, intelligent forecasting, and emission control for livestock management. The IoT subsystem, designed and simulated in Proteus, comprises a methane gas sensor, an ATmega328P microcontroller, an ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, and a cloud-based Blynk dashboard. Simulation results confirmed stable data transmission, accurate methane detection across varying concentrations, and real-time visualization on a mobile interface. The AI component utilized a comprehensive dataset of feed composition, animal weight, and environmental variables collected from ruminant farms across South–South Nigeria. Three supervised learning algorithms, Random Forest, XGBoost, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), were retrained and evaluated using performance metrics such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). The Random Forest model outperformed the others with MAE = 1.52, RMSE = 2.21, and predictive accuracy of 93%. The integrated AI–IoT system demonstrates the ability to monitor methane emissions continuously, predict future trends, and generate actionable insights to optimise feed strategies and livestock mitigation, precision livestock management, and environmental sustainability in modern agriculture.
- [E818513050125](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/e818513050125/): The present study investigates the environmental impacts of exhaust emissions from a spark-ignition (SI) engine fueled with a 4% High-Density Polyethene (HDPE) pyrolysis oil gasoline blend. Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modelling, the research focuses on predicting and analysing key emissions parameters, including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), oxygen (O2), hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon dioxide (CO2). A comprehensive dataset, encompassing various operational conditions, load, and speed, is collected from experiments. The analysis involves feature selection, data preprocessing, and the design of a feedforward backpropagation neural network architecture. The model is trained, tested, and validated on the dataset, with performance evaluated against environmental standards and regulations. Results from the trained ANN are then utilized to assess the environmental impact of the fuel blend under different scenarios. Sensitivity analysis identifies influential factors affecting emissions, providing insights into the complex relationship between input features and environmental effects. The study concludes with a detailed interpretation of findings, highlighting potential future considerations for mitigating environmental impacts associated with the use of HDPE pyrolysis oil-gasoline blends in SI engines. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the interplay between fuel composition and environmental sustainability.
- [C104106030426](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/c104106030426/): Image processing has emerged as a critical tool across diverse domains, including agriculture, healthcare, industrial automation, and robotics. This review highlights the major technologies employed in image analysis and explores their methodologies, strengths, and practical applications. Approaches range from traditional image processing techniques to advanced machine learning and deep learning frameworks, as well as specialised modalities such as hyperspectral and 3D imaging. Each method provides distinct advantages, from simple filtering and segmentation to real-time object detection and high-precision phenotyping, enabling more accurate and efficient analysis across various fields.
- [E124015050426](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/e124015050426/): The paper is a detailed evaluation of groundwater quality across rural and urban settings in the Kano region using systematic sampling, geospatial analysis, and state-of-the-art analytical techniques. Water samples were taken from boreholes and wells in accordance with established protocols that ensure sample integrity and provide spatial reference to land use and pollution sources. Such methods of analysis included Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for trace metals and major ions, spectrophotometry for geochemical parameters, isotope tracing of recharge and salinity sources, and bioassays to assess ecological risk. Findings showed a high level of spatial heterogeneity in cation content; high levels of sodium, magnesium, and calcium were associated with natural geochemical and anthropogenic sources of pollution, including urbanisation and industrialisation. There were intermittent but alarming concentrations of trace metals, including Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, and As, and some sites exceeded safety levels, reflecting both industrial pollution and natural mineralisation. The HI calculations identified eight urban hotspots with non carcinogenic risks, largely due to zinc overexposure, with the highest at Sabo Bakin Zuwo Road (HI=27.6) and Kano Municipal locations. In the long-term exposure assessment using Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) and Hazard Quotient (HQ), heavy metals were found to pose some hazards, necessitating ongoing monitoring. This was done through geochemical facies analysis and isotopic data to explain the sources of recharge, salinity development, and anthropogenic effects, and bioassays proved ecotoxicological hazards in the hotspots of pollution. The results highlight the importance of targeted pollution management, routine water quality monitoring, and community involvement to protect the health and ecological safety of the population. Strict effluent laws, use of remediation technologies and the preparedness of controlled groundwater areas should be encouraged to keep groundwater management sustainable in Kano.
- [B114213020226](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/b114213020226/): Modern power grids are facing unprecedented operational complexity due to the surge in distributed energy resources (DERs), intermittent renewables, and electric vehicle (EV) charging demands. While traditional methods like Newton Raphson are computationally precise, their iterative nature often fails to meet the sub-second latency requirements of dynamic smart grids. This research proposes a Graph Neural Network (GNN) framework designed to model electrical networks as high dimensional graphs. By capturing the inherent topological relationships among buses (nodes) and transmission lines (edges), the GNN-based approach provides a scalable, data-driven alternative for real-time power-flow estimation. The framework effectively processes non-linear grid behaviours and uncertainties, ensuring stable and efficient grid management, congestion control, and optimal power dispatch in rapidly evolving electrical environments.
- [K1127120111125](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/k1127120111125/): Introduction: Biomedical waste (BMW) management is crucial for mitigating environmental and human health risks. Conventional methods, which include segregation, collection, transportation, and disposal, often fail to address the growing volumes of waste and the associated hazards. Aim: This article examines existing regional and worldwide practices, trends, challenges and the way forward in BMW management. Methodology: Peer-reviewed publications, conference papers, systematic reviews, and reports published in English that were searched using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar were among the sources of information that were been synthesized in this review. Search terms included “waste management,” “medical waste management,” “smart bins,” “AI,” “machine learning,” and “IoT.” Results: Globally, disparities in BMW management practices persist, influenced by socio-economic conditions, regulatory frameworks, and resource availability. Developing regions often lack adequate infrastructure, leading to improper waste segregation, unsafe transportation, and open dumping, thereby exacerbating health and environmental risks. With approximately 75–90% of BMW being non-hazardous and the remainder requiring specialized handling, technological advancements. In India, for instance, it generates 1.5–2 kg of waste per bed daily, with an additional surge during the COVID 19 pandemic. Conclusion: Emerging AI-enabled solutions, such as smart bins, real-time monitoring, route optimisation, and blockchain technologies, demonstrate the potential to enhance efficiency, safety, and sustainability in BMW management. From Waste to Smart Transformations, AI-driven biomedical waste management has become a critical necessity at the global and regional levels, underscoring the urgent need for further extensive research in this field.
- [D123415040326](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/d123415040326/): Applications include crowd monitoring, public safety, and behavioural analysis, made possible by the widespread use of deep learning, which has transformed human image classification and detection in large-crowd scenarios. With an emphasis on convolutional neural networks (CNNs), object detection frameworks such as YOLO and Faster R-CNN, and sophisticated architectures that integrate attention mechanisms and spatiotemporal analysis, this paper offers a thorough overview of recent deep learning-based techniques for identifying and categorising people in dense crowds. We highlight cutting-edge methods and their performance metrics while discussing important issues such as occlusions, fluctuating crowd densities, and real-time processing requirements. Furthermore, we propose a novel Density-Aware Attention Network (DAAN) that improves detection accuracy in dense crowds. In addition, the study discusses ethical issues like bias and privacy and suggests future paths of inquiry.
- [C473715030226](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/c473715030226/): Piezoelectric energy harvesting systems often suffer from suboptimal power extraction due to the time-varying nature of mechanical vibrations and the nonlinear impedance characteristics of piezoelectric materials. We propose a real-time artificial neural network (ANN)-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller to dynamically optimize the power transfer from a piezoelectric source to a load. The ANN directly maps the instantaneous piezoelectric voltage to the optimal duty cycle of a buck converter. The proposed method employs a single hidden layer with 10 nodes, ensuring computational efficiency while capturing the nonlinear relationship between the input voltage and the optimal duty cycle. The system integrates a full wave rectifier to convert the alternating-current output of the piezoelectric bender into a direct-current voltage, which the ANN then processes to generate the control signal for the pulse-width modulation (PWM) gate driver. Experimental validation demonstrates that the ANN-based MPPT achieves higher power extraction efficiency than conventional perturb-and-observe methods, particularly under rapidly changing mechanical excitation. Furthermore, the approach stabilises the output voltage while maintaining near-maximum power transfer, making it suitable for low-power IoT applications where energy efficiency is critical. The simplicity and robustness of the proposed solution highlight its potential for practical deployment in real-world energy harvesting scenarios.
- [C121715030226](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/c121715030226/): As the amount of data available to individuals, businesses, and governments on the internet increases, this may lead to data misuse. As the data available on the internet is in a huge volume, making any strategy that may be real-time or we think is effective regarding stopping or minimising data breaches is impractical. For individuals and organisations alike, the primary issue in the digital era is data breaches, which can affect any data available online. This review paper examines patterns in data breaches and their effects across sectors worldwide, as well as mitigation methods. existing This review paper aims to advance understanding of data breaches by considering case studies and the literature, and by outlining essential techniques/measure to enhance data security.
- [B048813020226](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/b048813020226/): The integration of renewable energy into national electricity grids marks a defining transformation in the global power sector, offering the promise of sustainable, low-carbon futures while simultaneously confronting utilities with complex and multi-dimensional challenges. Renewable sources such as solar, wind, and biomass differ fundamentally from conventional generation in that they are intermittent, geographically dispersed, and less predictable, thereby creating operational challenges in maintaining grid stability and balancing supply with fluctuating demand. These inherent characteristics raise concerns regarding frequency regulation, voltage control, and overall power quality, particularly as renewable penetration increases. Existing grid infrastructure, designed for centralised, dispatchable generation, is often ill-equipped to handle the variability and decentralisation of renewable energy flows, resulting in mounting pressure on utilities to modernise networks and adopt advanced system management techniques. Meeting these challenges necessitates substantial investments in transmission and distribution infrastructure, along with the deployment of smart grid technologies, digital monitoring, and energy storage systems to enhance flexibility and resilience. However, the financial implications are significant. Utilities must manage the substantial capital costs of grid upgrades and transmission expansion while maintaining affordability for consumers. Furthermore, prevailing market structures and regulatory frameworks frequently lag behind technological advances. Current mechanisms often undervalue flexibility, ancillary services, and capacity reserves, leaving utilities with limited financial incentives to adopt the very solutions required for the stable integration of renewables. The resulting misalignment between technological necessity and institutional readiness creates a systemic barrier to progress. This paper presents a qualitative case study that examines these challenges in depth, drawing on expert interviews, document analysis, and stakeholder consultations. The study highlights the interplay among technical, financial, and regulatory issues, showing that generation variability is not merely an operational inconvenience but a catalyst for broader infrastructure strain and economic risk. Equally, the findings demonstrate that effective integration of renewable energy cannot be achieved through isolated technological measures; it requires a holistic, coordinated approach that integrates engineering solutions with policy reform and economic strategy. In response, the research proposes comprehensive strategies to support utilities in navigating the transition. Key recommendations include strengthening forecasting and scheduling tools to manage variability, investing in energy storage and demand-side management to enhance system flexibility, and reinforcing transmission networks to ensure reliable interconnection of dispersed generation sources. At the policy level, the study underscores the need for adaptive regulatory frameworks and transparent market mechanisms that reward flexibility, incentivise investment, and provide long-term certainty. Taken together, these strategies form a practical framework through which utilities and policymakers can address the challenges of renewable integration while safeguarding system reliability, economic sustainability, and consumer trust. Ultimately, the study argues that the integration of renewable energy is not solely a technical or financial challenge but a systemic transformation of the electricity sector. By approaching this transition as an opportunity for innovation rather than a source of operational strain, utilities and decision-makers can accelerate the path toward a resilient, efficient, and sustainable energy future.
- [K113012111125](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/k113012111125/): Exceptional connectivity across global networks has been driven by the expansion of Internet of Things devices, while significant weaknesses in security, scalability, and data management have emerged. Distributed ledger technology offers creative solutions to these fundamental limitations. This article reviews the blending of Blockchain technology with IoT, analyzing its potential, challenges and current advances. The article also highlights various applications and future research directions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding by synthesizing existing knowledge, identifying research gaps, and establishing the context for future studies of blockchain-IoT integration, emphasizing critical design considerations and practical implementations.
- [C473515030226](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/c473515030226/): Electrical energy conservation in industrial research facilities is challenging due to continuous operation, stringent environmental control requirements, and variable process loads. This study examines opportunities for electrical energy conservation at the SABIC Research and Technology Centre in Bangalore, identifying technically feasible and economically viable measures to reduce electricity consumption while supporting SABIC’s sustainability goals. The facility has an average monthly electrical consumption of approximately 650,000 kWh, and the study aims to achieve a minimum 10% reduction in energy usage by 2026. A structured two-phase methodology was adopted. The first phase involved a detailed assessment of electrical energy, including load profiling, equipment-level measurements, and performance analysis of major energy-consuming systems, such as HVAC, laboratory ventilation, air compressors, chillers, cooling towers, and lighting. The second phase focused on optimization planning, during which identified inefficiencies were translated into prioritized energy conservation measures based on their energy-saving potential and economic feasibility. The analysis revealed that HVAC and laboratory ventilation systems account for the majority of electrical energy consumption. Retrofitting Air Handling Units with electronically commutated fans proved to be the most effective measure, providing annual energy savings exceeding 1.2 million kWh and a payback period of approximately 1.66 years. Additional improvements, including IoT-based laboratory monitoring, variable-speed drives for compressors, optimised transformer loading, and chiller sequencing, further enhanced efficiency. The novelty of this research lies in its integrated, data-driven optimisation framework that combines real-time operational analysis, economic evaluation, and climatespecific considerations. This study offers a replicable model for sustainable energy management in industrial R&D facilities without compromising operational performance.
- [B105605020226](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/b105605020226/): India’s agricultural subsidy regime presents a paradox: it reflects distorted power subsidies that incentivise unmetered groundwater pumping, leading to an overexploitation problem in many parts of India. Concurrently, India’s transition to clean energy is gaining momentum toward the 500 GW target by 2030. Large-scale solar expansion through ground-mounted systems on farmland has provided energy opportunities at the cost of agricultural production, thereby creating land-use competition. This paper argues that Agriphotovoltaics (APV) can act as a strategic solution to transcend this false binary by enabling dual land use for both crop cultivation and solar generation. Drawing on two types of APV business models from Rajasthan and Delhi, this paper shows that farmer-centric APV models under PM KUSUM Component A can yield returns per acre of 9-10 times those of conventional farming. However, developer-led models risk reducing farmers to passive landlords. Currently, in India, scaling APV models is being constrained by definitional ambiguities, inadequate financial instruments, and institutional fragmentation. We propose a four-pillar policy framework: farmer-centric technical specifications and technical standards, a better financial architecture through targeted capital subsidies, strengthening farmer-producer organisations to facilitate collective ownership models, and finally, region-specific agronomic research. Such a framework will ensure that APV becomes a mainstream livelihood solution, supporting energy security and the agricultural sustainability of Indian farmers.
- [B473115021225](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/b473115021225/): Technological advancements, such as high-speed internet, have transformed the world into a global village, raising concerns about privacy and secrecy amid cyberattacks and the disclosure of sensitive data. Cryptography and steganography are two well-known methods of secret communication. The former distorts the message, whilst the latter hides the very existence of the information within seemingly innocent carriers. Steganography faces challenges of steganalysis, whilst cryptography faces challenges of cryptanalysis. The extensive approval of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as an efficient symmetric cryptographic technique and other state- of-the-art data protection techniques has exposed them to increased attacks, prompting researchers to enhance AES’s strength. To contribute to the line of research, a novel matrix-based diffusion layer for the AES (MDLAES) scheme is proposed. The proposed scheme combines matrix data manipulation with the AES algorithm, adding an extra layer of security. This extended scheme produces a data scrambling algorithm that reconstructs plain text and secret keys before performing AES encryption on the result. The approach, first and foremost, ensures that knowledge of the initial key is insufficient to break the system; it also introduces a higher degree of randomness than the traditional AES cryptosystem. The study examined the performance of encryption and decryption operations using key sizes from 128 to 256 bits. As key size increases, CPU time and memory usage increase. It is also observed that AES encryption with matrix operations requires more CPU time and memory than the traditional AES algorithm. The research improves the diffusion rate by 3.04 when a single simulation is matched with the orthodox AES algorithm, and by 1.62 on average when 10 simulations are run with different keys. It is worth noting that a high diffusion rate and a double key make it more difficult for a plain-text attack.
- [C473315030226](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/c473315030226/): This research detailed a hydrochemical investigation and spatial variability examination of the groundwater quality at five principal sites in the Kano Region, Nigeria, namely Hotoro, Kano Municipal, Kumbotso, Kofar Fada, and Gezawa, with a total of Fifty-one (51) water samples collected. Physical, chemical, and biological parameters assessed in the water samples were Electrical Conductivity, Hardness, pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Temperature, Turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), major cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+), and trace metals (Cr, As, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd). The data demonstrated a high level of spatial heterogeneity that should be considered when examining not only natural geological structures but also anthropogenic factors, particularly in urbanised and peri-urban districts of Kano and certain parts of the surroundings, where elevated Conductivity, TDS, Hardness, and several ion concentrations were observed. The pH was usually in the slightly acidic to slightly alkaline range, with low levels of Dissolved Oxygen indicating possible impacts from organic contaminants or eutrophication. Two multivariate visualisations (box plots, Scatter plots, multiple correlation matrices, PCA, and Piper diagrams) help clarify the complex correlations among the constituents of water quality. The Piper diagram revealed unique hydrochemical facies, primarily Sodium-Chloride and Calcium Magnesium Bicarbonate, which combined the natural geochemistry of sediments with urban anthropogenic effects. The concentrations of Trace metals were generally low, with little acute risk identified, but periodic increases in iron and Zinc indicated localised areas of potential concern. The inter-area differences were strongly supported by statistical testing, indicating the need for specific water resource management approaches and pollution control strategies. The statistical testing strongly indicated an inter-area difference, necessitating specific approaches to water resources management and pollution control strategies. Overall, the synthesis of spatially resolved hydrochemical measurements with spatial data and its processing has the potential to make an essential contribution to the sustainable monitoring of water quality and environmental management in the Kano region, and to support sound decisions to preserve the health of the overall population and water bodies. In general, the combination of spatially addressed hydrochemical observations with spatial data and its analysis presents an opportunity for a crucial contribution to sustainable monitoring of water quality and environmental management in the Kano area, and to rational decisions to preserve the health of the general population and aquatic ecosystems.
- [B121215020126](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/b121215020126/): This study was conducted to evaluate the groundwater potential of Tumfure and its environs in the Gongola Arm of the Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria, in response to increasing dependence on groundwater for domestic water supply and the limited availability of surface water resources. The research applied hydro geophysical techniques to determine the distribution of the subsurface aquifer. Groundwater conditions were investigated using twenty (20) Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) measurements acquired with the Schlumberger array (AB/2 of 200 meters) and interpreted using WINRESIST software. Results reveal predominantly three- to four-layer subsurface models comprising topsoil, clay, sandy clay, sandstone, and conglomerate. Despite favourable lithologic compositions, the absence of impermeable layers (aquitards/aquicludes) at depth limits groundwater accumulation. This study underscores the need for more comprehensive, multi-method geophysical surveys to enable compelling groundwater exploration in the area.
- [E832414050126](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/e832414050126/): Detailed analysis of data on radiation and elevation measured in 3 lines of 161 points of the Gombe Metropolitan Area. Measurements of radiation in Lines 1, 2, and 3 were 18-42 Bq, 25-39 Bq, and 18-39 Bq, respectively, and most of the measurements corresponded to the natural background. Spatial heterogeneity existed, with potential hotspots associated with geological or anthropogenic sources. Topographic gradients were evident in the elevation data, with the highest and lowest elevations at approximately 476 and 712 meters, respectively, which influenced soil composition, microclimates, and pollutant distribution. These spatial distributions highlight the importance of local judgments in managing environmental risks. Statistical analysis of the process stability in general was done with the help of control charts, Sens Slope estimator, and box plots, but sometimes the outliers (that were more than control limits, mainly 42 Bq and 38 Bq) were present, and it was possible to consider the existence of other external factors or measurement errors. The mere positive shifts in Lines 1 and 3 also indicate that the radiological environment can remain in the same position over time. All these findings suggest that the climate has remained relatively stable radiologically, and local malformities should be monitored. Timely detection of abnormal conditions, environmental security, and risk mitigation measures through close observation and comprehensive spatial and temporal investigations is critical in cities and peri-urban regions. The results highlight the significance of continuous monitoring and local risk control to ensure environmental security, as well as the importance of stable radiological conditions in the long run. Still, they should be monitored with skilled attention to detect anomalies in urban and peri-urban areas in a timely manner.
- [A114013010126](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/a114013010126/): The thermochemical conversion of wood waste into high-value biofuels and chemicals for energy use represents a promising approach to clean, sustainable energy. This research investigates the modeling, simulation, and optimization of bio-oil and phenol production from mahogany wood waste (Swietenia macrophylla) using an integrated process approach of fast pyrolysis and fluid catalytic cracking (FCC). Kinetic parameters were estimated, and process conditions were optimised using the gPROMS ModelBuilder 4.0 software. The application of a Franz kinetic model during the pyrolysis stage identified an activation energy of 106.7 kJ/mol and a maximum bio-oil yield of 41.98% under optimal conditions of 558.7°C, a residence time of 1.92 s, and a heat capacity of 2.50 kJ/kg·K. The ensuing fluid catalytic cracking stage, developed with a novel nine-lump kinetic model, realised a maximum phenol yield of 37.086% at 595.28°C, a residence time of 2.48 s, a weight hourly space velocity (WSHV) of 16.58 h⁻¹, and a catalyst-to-oil (C/O) ratio of 7.2. A statistical tool, analysis of variance (ANOVA), confirmed the models’ statistical significance, with R² values of 0.9984 for pyrolysis and 0.8926 for fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), respectively. Model predictions showed 70.6% accuracy when computed against actual experimental data. These outcomes highlight the efficacy of gPROMS for kinetic modeling and simulation of complex biomass conversion processes.
- [B120915020126](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/b120915020126/): The paper will provide a detailed petrophysical study of the Zarama field in the Niger Delta, based on wireline logs from five wells. Porosity, permeability, shale content, and fluid saturations are the primary reservoir parameters in the study, used to analyse reservoir quality, heterogeneity, and producibility. Porosity is good to excellent (20-32 per cent), declining with depth in response to compaction, and quite diverse (7-781 mD), primarily determined by shale volume, not by its porosity. Reservoir thickness ranges from 6 m to more than 700 m, and lateral continuity has been found in the massive sands such as S1, S3, S14, and S16, which contain large hydrocarbon pore volumes and have high production potential. The solution of fluid contacts (gas-water, gas-oil, oil-water) was possible even in the absence of a density log anomaly due to the presence of gases. The field is rather gas-bearing, with minor quantities of oil and condensate. It thus has an estimated recoverable reserve of 2.85 million barrels of oil equivalent and 5.85 billion cubic feet of gas. Multi-well and multi-reservoir system petrophysical interwell correlations show no clear stratigraphic trap system, and these demands require integrated multi-well, multi-reservoir system interpretation to obtain adequate characterisation of the reservoir and development planning. All in all, the research indicates that integrated log interpretation improves dataset reliability, optimises petrophysical parameters with high confidence, and provides a robust framework for future exploration and development in this complex offshore deltaic setting.
- [K113312111125](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/k113312111125/): This research presents a multilevel resilience-driven adaptive leadership framework that integrates psychological resilience principles with adaptive leadership methodologies to enhance contemporary innovation ecosystems. The framework addresses deficiencies in leadership theory by utilizing a hierarchical model that operates across individual, team, and organizational levels. Resilience is measured using empirical indicators that reflect real-time recovery dynamics and innovation performance. A composite resilience index combines the ability to recover from stress, be creative, and make quick decisions, based on historical data from entrepreneurial crisis-response scenarios. To make the framework work in practice, a cascaded neural system is built. This system combines a transformer-based encoder for processing multimodal information with a graph convolutional network that shows how different parts of the ecosystem depend on each other. This enables early identification of weaknesses and supports targeted, data-driven interventions. Furthermore, traditional performance dashboards are reimagined as resilience-optimised control panels, and adaptive resource-allocation protocols dynamically prioritise initiatives based on their resilience-weighted innovation potential. Stress-testing simulations are used to make fragility curves that predict system thresholds. An optimization algorithm based on quantum mechanics helps schedule interventions to improve resilience with as little disruption to operations as possible. The framework provides a quantitatively substantiated and pragmatic methodology for leadership in volatile, technology-driven contexts by integrating disaster-response strategies with innovation-feedback systems. Empirical evidence shows that both ecosystem robustness and entrepreneurial adaptability improve substantially when stress levels are high. This research integrates psychological resilience theory with computational leadership science, creating novel avenues for the development of sustainable, adaptive innovation systems.
- [K132913111125](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/k132913111125/): 1Francis Emmanuel Ubi, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria.    
- [K113512111125](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/k113512111125/): 2Dr. Sanjeev Tayal, Department of Computer Applications, SD College of Management Studies, Muzaffarnagar, India.
- [K113112111125](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/k113112111125/): 4Dr. B Chandra Sekhar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, St. Joseph’s Degree College, Kurnool (Andhra Pradesh), India.     
- [K112812111125](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/k112812111125/): 4Dr. Kamureyina Ezikiel, Department of Geology, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria. 
- [K113612111125](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/k113612111125/): 3Dr. Sunil Kumar, Professor, Department of Information Technology, Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College, Ghaziabad (U.P.), India.   
- [K113412111125](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/k113412111125/): 3Dr Kamureyina Ezekiel, Department of Geology, Adamawa University, Mubi, Adamawa, Nigeria.  
- [K113212111125](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/k113212111125/): 2Dr. Anil Kumar, Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Roorkee Institute of Technology, Roorkee (Uttarakhand), India.  
- [H111212080825](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/h111212080825/): 2Poornima Devi M., Department of Computer Science, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education, Chennai (Tamil Nadu), India.   
- [C829014030925](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/c829014030925/): Ehsan Shirzad, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, (North Khorasan), Iran.
- [B242305021125](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/b242305021125/): 2Prof. Dr. Ashok Athalye, Department of Fibres and Textile Processing Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Palghar (Maharashtra), India. 
- [E110212050525](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/e110212050525/): Soumyadeep Mondal, Department of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE) Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT University), Chennai (Tamil Nadu), India. 
- [H112312090925](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/h112312090925/): Vazira Bekova, Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Parkent District, Tashkent Region, Uzbekistan. 
- [H111512080825](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/h111512080825/): 2Zakhro Barotova, Researcher, Department of Cybersecurity, Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad al-Khwarizmi State University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. 
- [B35380111222](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/b35380111222/): 3S. R. Bhagat, Professor & HoD, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere, Raigad, India.
- [H111912080825](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/h111912080825/): Pirniyazov Azamat Axmetovich, Student, Department of Digital Economics, Nukus State Technological University, Nukus (Republic of Karakalpakstan), Uzbekistan. 
- [H111812080825](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/h111812080825/): 3Alisher Khayrullaev, PhD, Department of Mobile Communication Technologies, Tashkent University of Information Technologies Named after Muhammad al-Khwarizmi, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
- [H111712080825](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/h111712080825/): Shakhzod Tashmetov, Department of Television and Radio Broadcasting Systems, Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad al-Khwarizmi, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. 
- [H111612080825](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/h111612080825/): 2Dr. Lomesh Mahajan, Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Shreeyash College of Engineering & Technology, Chh. Sambhajinagar Aurangabad, (Maharashtra), India.   
- [H111412080825](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/h111412080825/): 5Khurshid Ilhamovich Toliev, Student, Department of Systems and Applied Programming, Tashkent University of Information Technologies, named after Muhammad al-Khwarizmi, Tashkent.  
- [H111312080825](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/h111312080825/): Sabina Kholiyorovna Bo‘tayeva, Tashkent University of Economics and Technologies, Toshkent, Yangihayot, Uzbekistan.   
- [H111012080825](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/h111012080825/): 2Otene Patience Unekwuojo, Admiralty University of Nigeria/Industry, Asaba, Nigeria.  
- [H111112080825](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/h111112080825/): Pravin Sankhwar, Independent Scholar, Department of Electrical Engineering, Ahmedabad (Gujarat), India.  
- [H109311090824](https://www.ijies.org/portfolio-item/h109311090824/): 3Dr. Iphov Kumala Sriwana, Department of Industrial Engineering, Telkom University, Bandung (West Java), Indonesia.